Normative References
Fall Risk Study
Memory Assessment
(Montreal Cognitive Assessment)
A score lower than 23 can be indicative of dementia. Additionally, a score greater than or equal to 23 but lower than 26 can indicate mild cognitive impairment.
Confidence in Balance
(Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale)
Those who score less than 67% are likely to have a fear-of-falling. Additionally, those who score 58% or lower are at risk of falls.
Emotional Wellness Scale
(Geriatric Depression Scale 15)
A score of 5 or more may signify depression.
Visual Contrast Test
(Melbourne Edge Test)
A score of correctly identifying 15 edges or less is considered poor performance in the older adult population.
Positional Awareness
(Proprioception)
An average of 4 degrees of error or more is considered poor performance in the older adult population.
Reaction Time
An average of 300 milliseconds or more is considered poor performance in the older adult population.
Blood Oxygen Concentration
92-96% is the preferred range of blood oxygen levels for those without COPD.
Heart Rate
60-100 beats per minute is the normal resting heart rate range for adults.
Blood Pressure
A blood pressure of 90/60 or lower indicates low blood pressure. A 130/80 or higher indicates high blood pressure. A systolic blood pressure of 130 or higher AND a diastolic blood pressure of 80 or lower indicates isolated systolic hypertension.
30-Second Stand Count
(30 Second Sit-To-Stand Test)
In general, a score of 11 stands or lower for women or 13 stands or lower for men indicates a below-average score for those aged around 60-64. However, it is important to note that this varies greatly with age.
Grip Strength
In general, a score of 18 kg or less for women or a score of 28 kg or less for men is considered below average for older adults. However, it is important to note that this varies greatly with age.
Leg Strength
(Knee Extension)
A maximum of 15 kilograms or less is considered poor performance in the older adult population.
Timed Up-and-Go Test
A score of 13.5 seconds or less is considered at risk for falling in community-dwelling older adults.
Walking Speed
(Gait Velocity)
A walking speed of 0.7 to 1.3 m/s is considered a normal range for community-dwelling older adults.
Balance Endurance
(Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance)
A score lower than 116 seconds may indicate a risk for falls.
Walking Speed
(Gait Velocity)
A walking speed of 0.7 to 1.3 m/s is considered a normal range for community-dwelling older adults.
Multitasking Walking Speed
If someone's walking speed drops by more than 0.4 mph when multitasking (e.g. walking and talking), it might mean a higher risk of falling
Stride Width
A stride width of 8 inches or more may indicate a lack of balance, which is correlated to a higher risk of falls.
Stride Length
A stride length of 14.2 inches or less may indicate a lack of balance or leg strength, which is correlated to a higher risk of falls.
Step Length Symmetry
Asymmetry of 20% or more shows a marked imbalance between both legs, which indicates an imbalance in leg strength or mobility.
Concussion Study
Sway Index
(Biodex Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance)
An average sway index for all trials of 0.92 is considered average for athletes aged 17-23. Anything below 0.92 indicates more stability than average and anything above 0.92 indicates less-than-average stability for that group.